On this page
Key facts for dentists
- Profession law
- Federal Law No. 5 of 2019, shared with physicians, and Cabinet Resolution No. 67 of 2020
- Liability law
- Federal Decree-Law No. 4 of 2016 and Cabinet Resolution No. 40 of 2019
- Consent
- Written consent for dentistry under the DOH Patient Consent Standard; informed consent before any treatment under the DHA Code
- Federal penalty range
- Written notice to revocation; fines of AED 1,000 to 1,000,000; suspension of up to one year
- Deadlines
- 30 days against a liability report; 15 days against a federal penalty; 30 days against a DHA decision
- First step
- Secure the chart and radiographs unchanged and call the clinic's liability insurer
Why dental complaints take a particular shape
Most dental treatment cannot be undone, much of it is elective, and a large share is paid for privately or through insurance. That combination means complaints about dentists tend to centre on what the patient agreed to, what it cost, and whether the treatment was needed, as much as on technical outcome. Authorities in the UAE also act on clinic-level failures, such as sterilisation, unlicensed staff and records, and those findings can land on the treating dentist.
This page is for general dentists and specialists licensed by the DHA, DOH, MOHAP, SHA or DHCR, and for clinical directors, who are responding to:
- a patient complaint to the clinic or to the licensing authority;
- a Medical Liability Committee review of a treatment outcome;
- an inspection finding, an insurer audit or a claims query;
- a penalty, conditions, restricted privileges or supervised practice.
For routine learning, the ethics and professionalism courses for dentists page is the better fit.
A core set built around the dental chair
Ethics and Professional Conduct for Dentists is the starting point. It works through written consent for dentistry, honest treatment planning, cosmetic work, fees and estimates, insurance integrity, records and radiographs, infection control, opposite-gender examination, advertising and the dental team, all under UAE law and the DHA and DOH standards. The other six courses deal with the case itself:
- Facing a Licensing Investigation: The Core Remediation Course: the liability and disciplinary tracks and each authority's process.
- Informed Consent and Chaperones: because consent sits behind more dental complaints than any other single issue.
- Medical Liability and Medical Error Under UAE Law: how a committee separates a known complication from an error.
- Insight: Understanding and Showing It After a Concern and Reflective Practice and Written Reflections: a written account that is honest and specific.
- Building a Remediation Plan After a Concern: objectives and audits that a clinic can verify.
Then add the course that matches the allegation, for example insurance billing for a claims query, or record keeping for a radiograph dispute.
Course by course: what each core course covers
The seven courses total 19 CPD hours. Below is what each contributes to a dental case and where to look first.
Ethics and Professional Conduct for Dentists (3 hours). Follows a patient from the first plan to the final claim. In a complaint about scope or expectations, lesson 3.1 on overtreatment, undertreatment and clinical justification and lesson 3.2 on cosmetic and elective work carry the most weight. Section 4 deals with estimates, insurance billing and laboratory or supplier relationships; section 5 with radiographs, images and corrections; and section 6 with infection prevention, sentinel events and leading the dental team, including emergencies in the chair.
Facing a Licensing Investigation: The Core Remediation Course (4 hours). The process course, assessed with 30 questions rather than 20. Dentists tend to need lesson 2.2, on working out which licensing authority holds the file, which is less obvious than it sounds for clinics in Dubai Healthcare City, and lesson 6.1, on reading the allegation against the chart before writing anything. The integrated case on insurance claims in Abu Dhabi in section 10 is a close match for many dental billing queries.
Informed Consent and Chaperones (2 hours). Goes further than the dental course on the mechanics: the elements of valid consent, how long a signature stays valid, capacity for a specific decision and the substitute consent orders under federal, DHA and DOH rules. Lesson 6.1 on separate consents for images, learners and research is the one to read if clinical photographs are part of your case, and section 5 covers the third person in the room.
Medical Liability and Medical Error Under UAE Law (3 hours). The legal tests a committee applies to a dental outcome. Section 3 sets ordinary error, gross error and no-liability cases side by side, which is where the line between a known complication and a fault is drawn, and section 6 explains compulsory liability insurance and reconciliation with the patient.
Insight: Understanding and Showing It After a Concern (2 hours). A structured workup for your own case and the difference between owning your learning and accepting a legal label. Lesson 8.2 on probity concerns is worth reading if the complaint suggests that treatment was proposed for money rather than need.
Reflective Practice and Written Reflections (2 hours). Writing that moves from description to analysis. Lesson 5.4 on the difference between apology, explanation and justification is particularly useful for dentists, whose statements often slide into defending a fee.
Building a Remediation Plan After a Concern (3 hours). Turning a complaint into objectives that a clinical director or reviewer can verify without relying on your word. Section 5 covers supervised practice, targeted education and audit, and lesson 7.1 covers returning to practice after a suspension, when reassessment or narrower privileges may apply.
Written consent and the treatment plan
The DOH Patient Consent Standard lists dentistry among the interventions that need written consent, alongside surgery, endoscopy and imaging such as CT and MRI. In Dubai, the DHA Code of Ethics standards require informed consent before any examination, diagnostic procedure or treatment, without coercion or manipulation, and treating a patient without prior consent outside emergencies is Schedule 4 item 28.
Dental consent problems are usually about scope and timing rather than a missing signature. A form signed after the local anaesthetic, a plan that grew from two crowns to six without a new discussion, or a consent that bundled necessary treatment with elective work will all be read against the patient's account. Consent also has to stay valid across a course of treatment: when the plan, the materials or the fee changes, the conversation should be repeated and recorded. Substitute consent for children follows emirate rules that differ between Abu Dhabi and Dubai, so check before treating a minor brought in by a relative.
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Overtreatment, cosmetic work and expectations
Performing unnecessary procedures is a prohibited act under Article 5 of the Medical Liability Decree-Law, and Article 32 attaches a fine for unnecessary procedures carried out without informed consent. In Abu Dhabi, the DOH's December 2017 action on insurance violations named inflated dental treatment among the practices it sanctioned. Cosmetic cases add a further risk: the complaint is often that the result did not match a photograph, a simulation or a social media post.
The question a committee asks is whether the plan was clinically justified and whether the patient understood the alternatives, including no treatment. A dentist who can show a documented diagnosis, a reasoned plan, options with their costs and risks, and the patient's own choice is in a far stronger position than one who relies on a signed estimate. If the complaint suggests a pattern, an audit of your own recent treatment plans is persuasive evidence of change.
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Estimates, fees and insurance claims
Fee disputes can turn into probity concerns quickly. The DHA Code's insurance integrity standard, Standard 12, forbids billing the same work twice, coding treatment above what was done, breaking one procedure into several claims and changing records to win cover. The DOH payment recovery standard separates fraud, which involves deliberate deception to obtain a benefit, from abuse, meaning practice that falls short of sound financial or medical practice, and DOH's 2017 sanctions for false claim data, billing for services not provided and inflated dental treatment included exclusion from the Thiqa network, recovery of payments, restrictions on practitioner licences and referral to the legal authorities.
Many dentists work under a clinic owner's billing team and assume coding is not their responsibility. Committees do not usually accept that: the claim rests on your clinical record. Remediation here should show how you now check what is billed against what you did, and how you raise a concern if you are asked to code otherwise. Take legal advice before writing about any claim under review.
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Sterilisation, infection control and the dental team
The DOH enforcement action announced in February 2024 described a dental clinic that used unlicensed staff and had poor sterilisation and records; the outcome included a ban on dental services across all branches of the provider concerned, alongside facility closures elsewhere. Findings like these are about the clinic, but the treating dentist and the clinical director can both be asked what they knew and did.
Delegation is the other team risk. Asking an assistant or hygienist to carry out a task outside their licensed scope places the patient and both professionals at risk; working within the licensed scope is a duty for dentists under Federal Law No. 5 of 2019 and for allied staff under Federal Law No. 6 of 2023. A remediation plan for an infection-control or delegation concern should include something a third party can check, such as a sterilisation log you review weekly or a written list of tasks each team member may perform.
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Charts, radiographs and late entries
Every action belongs in the file with what was done and when, under the Medical Liability Executive Regulations, and the committee reads the original record. For dentists the file includes radiographs, photographs, models and the treatment plan. A note such as "X-ray taken, NAD" does not show what was looked for, and a missing pre-operative radiograph is hard to explain if a root or a lesion is later found.
Federal Law No. 2 of 2019 sets a minimum retention period of 25 years from the patient's last procedure and limits the use of health information to health purposes without the patient's written approval. In Dubai, changing or deleting data in the medical file against DHA instructions is Schedule 4 item 34. If a complaint arrives, export nothing selectively, edit nothing, and add any genuine late entry as a dated, labelled addition.
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Before-and-after images and online claims
Dental practices advertise more than most, and complaints about results often quote the clinic's own posts. Under Article 19 of Federal Law No. 5 of 2019 a dentist may advertise only within the regulated limits, and the DHA social media standards ban superlatives and absolute promises, for example "the best" or "no side effects", and allow patient photographs only with written consent. The DHA Code also bars sharing confidential patient information or giving individualised clinical advice to the public on social media.
A patient image used without specific written consent is both a confidentiality and an advertising problem. If your case involves a post, remove it through the proper channel, keep a record of what was published and when, and show in your remediation how consent for images is now obtained, stored and limited to a stated purpose.
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When a patient alleges a dental error
A Medical Liability Committee asks whether your care fell short under one of the four grounds in Article 6, judged against a dentist of your grade and specialty. Article 17 excludes liability for a known or unexpected complication that occurred without error, and for a different method that still conforms to accepted standards. Nerve injury after an extraction, an instrument fracture during endodontics or implant failure can each be a complication or an error; the difference usually lies in the assessment, the radiographs and what the patient was told beforehand.
Two gross-error criteria matter particularly in dentistry, where new techniques spread quickly: deliberately practising beyond your specialty or clinical privileges, and using a diagnostic or therapeutic method without prior training or supervision. Gross error also needs serious damage, and only a gross error carries the criminal penalties in Article 34. If you disagree with the report, you, like the patient, have 30 days from notification to take it to the Supreme Committee of Medical Liability.
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Match the concern to a course
The concerns that most often lead to complaints and investigations, how they are viewed, and the courses that address each one.
Treatment went beyond what was agreed
Dentistry needs written consent under the DOH standard; when the plan changes, consent should be renewed and recorded.
Patient says treatment was unnecessary
Unnecessary procedures are prohibited under Article 5; the record must show diagnosis, reasoning and options offered.
Cosmetic result did not match expectations
Often a communication and consent question; goals, alternatives and limits should be recorded before preparation.
Estimate rose during treatment
Fee changes without a new discussion read as a probity issue and often trigger the complaint.
Insurance claim coded above the work done
Upcoding and unbundling breach DHA Code Standard 12; DOH has sanctioned inflated dental treatment.
Nerve injury or instrument fracture
Article 17 excludes liability for a complication without error; pre-operative assessment and warnings decide most cases.
New technique without training
Using a method without prior training or supervision is a gross-error criterion where serious damage results.
Sterilisation or infection-control finding
Poor sterilisation was among the findings behind DOH's February 2024 ban on dental services at one provider.
Before-and-after photos posted without consent
DHA social media standards require written consent for patient images and ban superlative claims.
Assistant performed a task outside their licence
Licensed scope binds both the dentist who delegates and the assistant who accepts.
Who handles a complaint about a dentist
| Clinic location | Authority | Points to note |
|---|---|---|
| Dubai, including free zones | DHA | Complaints online, free, within three years of the event; Medical Practices Committee decides penalties and remedial measures |
| Dubai Healthcare City | DHCR, moving to DHA licensing | DHCC Healthcare Professionals Regulation No. 2 of 2013 still applies until replaced; confirm which body holds the file |
| Abu Dhabi, Al Ain, Al Dhafra | DOH | Investigation Request for Medical Error; appeals against a committee report cost AED 5,000 and go to the Higher Medical Liability Committee |
| Northern Emirates private clinics | MOHAP | Administrative complaints to the clinic first; medical complaints to the Medical Liability Committee; 45-day service time under its procedures |
| Sharjah | SHA | Resolution No. 29 of 2025 committees; ask in writing which instrument and deadline apply |
Read the guide to complaints and licensing investigations for the stages, and the DHA, DOH, MOHAP or SHA page for your authority.
Penalties and conditions for dentists
Dentists share the physicians' federal law. Article 28 of Federal Law No. 5 of 2019 gives the authority a ladder from a written notice or warning, through a fine of between AED 1,000 and AED 1,000,000 and a suspension of up to a year, to revocation, and only after hearing you; the grievance window under Article 29 is 15 days. Where a suspension lasted three to twelve months, Article 7.2 of Cabinet Resolution No. 67 of 2020 allows the authority to reassess your competence or narrow your privileges or practice when you return.
In Dubai, the Medical Practices Committee can add training courses within a set time, supervision by another professional for up to a year and reassessment, and penalties need not follow a sequence. Failing to put right a violation within the time the DHA sets is itself a new violation. A restriction on privileges is often the outcome that affects a dentist's work most, because it stops a category of treatment, such as implants or sedation, until the condition is lifted.
Writing about a dental case without making it worse
A dentist's reflection should be precise about clinical facts and modest about judgement. Avoid technical detail that the reader cannot follow, and avoid conceding liability; your insurer or lawyer should read the draft. A practical structure:
- The presenting complaint, the plan and what was agreed, from the record.
- The decision you now think was weakest, and why you made it at the time.
- The standard that applied: written consent, clinical justification, scope or record keeping.
- How the outcome affected the patient, including cost and time.
- What the course taught you that changed your view.
- The change you have made and how it is checked.
For example, a general dentist in an Abu Dhabi clinic whose patient complained about veneers she had not expected might write that she now presents a written plan with alternatives and costs, allows a cooling-off period before elective work, and records the patient's stated goals in the patient's own words before preparation.
What a strong reflective statement looks like for dentists
Committees reading dental cases see a great deal of technical detail and very little reflection. A useful discipline is to give yourself a budget of roughly 500 words and spend it on purpose.
| Part | Roughly | What it must do |
|---|---|---|
| The clinical facts | 100 words | Tooth, procedure, dates and what the patient agreed to, in terms a non-dentist can follow |
| Your decision and its weakness | 125 words | The one choice you would now make differently, and what you knew when you made it |
| The patient's experience | 75 words | Pain, extra visits, cost and trust, described from their side |
| What you learned | 75 words | One idea from a named course lesson, not a summary of the course |
| What you now do | 125 words | Changes with a record behind them and a person who can confirm them |
An illustrative excerpt
A composite written for illustration; it describes no real patient or dentist. A general dentist in a Sharjah clinic, whose patient learned from another clinic that a file fragment had been left in a root canal, might write:
"A file separated in the mesial canal during treatment. I judged that the fragment lay short of the apex and that the canal could still be sealed, and I completed the treatment. I did not tell the patient about the fragment or note it on the radiograph report. He found out a year later from another dentist, and what upset him most was that I had said nothing. I now tell a patient about any separated instrument at the same visit, record it in the notes and on the image report, and offer referral. I have added a disclosure line to my endodontic consent form, and my clinical director is checking my endodontic records each month for three months."
Mistakes that undermine a dentist's statement
- Writing for another dentist. Committee members may not know what a mesial canal or a preparation margin is; explain it or leave it out.
- Blaming the patient's hygiene or attendance without a note showing you raised it at the time.
- Arguing about the fee. A refund dispute belongs with the clinic and your insurer, not in a reflective statement.
- Attaching clinical photographs without checking that the patient's consent and your authority's rules allow that use.
- Mentioning a new form without enclosing it, or a monthly check without saying who carries it out.
Evidence a clinic can verify
Dental remediation is persuasive when someone other than you can confirm it. Useful items:
- A treatment-plan audit of your own recent cases, repeated after three months.
- A revised consent template that records alternatives, costs and the patient's goals.
- A radiograph reporting habit: a short structured note for every image, checked by a colleague on a sample.
- A claims check comparing billed codes with the clinical note, signed off by the clinical director.
- A sterilisation log review and a written delegation list for the team.
- Certificates and reflective accounts for each course, showing title, CPD hours and date.
If the authority has ordered training or supervised practice, its decision sets the terms. Your licensing authority decides how any learning counts towards your CPD or a requirement it has set.
A 4-week remediation plan for dentists
Dental remediation has to fit around a clinic diary. The seven core courses total 19 CPD hours, which most dentists cover in four weeks by protecting one half-session a week plus an evening. If your authority has ordered training or supervised practice with its own timetable, use its dates instead.
- Week 1, the facts and the law. Take Facing a Licensing Investigation: The Core Remediation Course and Medical Liability and Medical Error Under UAE Law. Collect, without altering anything, the chart, radiographs, intraoral photographs, the laboratory prescription and every version of the treatment plan and estimate. Speak to the clinic's liability insurer and your clinical director, and note the date each letter arrived.
- Week 2, consent and planning. Take Ethics and Professional Conduct for Dentists and Informed Consent and Chaperones. Lay the patient's account beside your notes and mark each point where something discussed was not recorded. Draft a consent form for the treatment in question that lists alternatives, costs and the option of no treatment, and ask your clinical director to comment on it.
- Week 3, insight in writing. Take Insight: Understanding and Showing It After a Concern and Reflective Practice and Written Reflections. Write the first full draft of your statement. Ask a dentist in your own specialty who has no part in the case to review three of your recent treatment plans and write a short note on what they found.
- Week 4, a plan the clinic can verify. Take Building a Remediation Plan After a Concern. Turn each change into an objective with a date and a checker, for example the practice manager confirming that written estimates now reach patients before elective work starts. Send the statement and plan to your insurer or lawyer before they go anywhere else, and agree with them how any refund or further contact with the patient will be handled.
Course prices for dentists
Courses are priced by CPD hours: AED 239 for two hours, AED 289 for three hours and AED 329 for the four-hour core course. Bulk savings apply automatically in the cart: AED 120 off three or more, AED 180 off five or more and AED 300 off ten or more.
| Set | Courses | Full price | With discount |
|---|---|---|---|
| Consent complaint | Dental ethics, Informed Consent and Chaperones, Reflective Practice | AED 767 | AED 647 |
| Fees or insurance query | Dental ethics, Insurance Billing, Probity, Record Keeping | AED 1,006 | AED 886 |
| Formal investigation | The seven core courses | AED 1,913 | AED 1,733 |
Each course runs online at your own pace for 12 months, with UAE case studies and knowledge checks, a 20-question scenario-based final assessment (30 questions in the 4-hour core investigation course) needing 80% (16 of 20), a certificate of completion and a structured reflective account.
CPD and good standing for dentists
Core course 1Ethics
Ethics and Professional Conduct for Dentists
Written consent, honest treatment planning, cosmetic care, estimates and insurance, records and radiographs, infection control and advertising for UAE dentists.
Core course 2Professionalism
Professionalism in Practice for UAE Health Professionals
Licensing integrity, CPD and good standing, respect at the point of care, civility, candour, digital conduct and conflicts of interest for every UAE profession.
Which one do I need?
| Compare | Ethics and Professional Conduct for Dentists | Professionalism in Practice for UAE Health Professionals |
|---|---|---|
| Focus | Values, reasoning and ethical dilemmas | Conduct, standards, scope, records and accountability |
| The question it answers | What is the right thing to do here, and why? | What do my standards require, and how do I show it? |
| Choose it when | A decision, a dilemma or your judgement is in question | Behaviour, systems, scope of practice or records are in question |
Not sure? Many concerns and most CPD plans need both: take them together for a complete picture.
Dentists need 40 CPD points a year of licence with the DHA, 80 credits per two-year licence with the DOH and 50 points per renewal with DHCR. An open case can also affect a move: until a DHA investigation or appeal ends you receive a Current Status Certificate rather than a Good Standing Certificate, and a DOH certificate lists past and current investigations. The national qualification requirements expect a good standing certificate no older than six months for a new licence.
Your licensing authority decides how any learning counts towards your CPD or a requirement it has set. Each certificate records the estimated learning time and date.
Start with the dental ethics course
Begin with Ethics and Professional Conduct for Dentists, add Informed Consent and Chaperones if consent is in question, and choose the rest from the concerns that match your case.
Questions
Which law governs disciplinary action against dentists in the UAE?
Federal Law No. 5 of 2019, which covers both physicians and dentists, with Cabinet Resolution No. 67 of 2020. In Dubai the DHA also applies Executive Council Resolution No. 49 of 2024, and in Abu Dhabi the DOH can act under Abu Dhabi Law No. 10 of 2018.
Does a dental complaint go to a Medical Liability Committee?
If a dental error is alleged, yes. The Medical Liability Decree-Law applies to anyone practising a health profession in the UAE, and a compensation claim cannot proceed unless the matter has first been referred to a committee.
Is written consent required for routine dentistry?
In Abu Dhabi the DOH Patient Consent Standard lists dentistry among the interventions needing written consent. In Dubai the DHA Code requires informed consent before any examination or treatment. Whatever the emirate, a dated note of the discussion, options and costs is what protects you if a complaint arrives.
A patient developed numbness after an extraction. Is that a medical error?
Not necessarily. Article 17 excludes liability for a known or unexpected complication that occurred without error. The committee will look at your assessment, the radiographs and whether the risk was explained beforehand. That is why the pre-operative record matters so much.
Can I be held responsible for my clinic's billing?
Yes, if the claim rests on your clinical record. DOH sanctions for insurance violations have included restrictions on practitioner licences, and the DHA Code places insurance integrity on each professional. Check what is billed in your name and raise concerns through the proper channel.
Which courses fit an insurance or fees complaint?
Ethics and Professional Conduct for Dentists, Insurance Billing and Financial Integrity, Probity and Honesty in Practice, and Clinical Documentation and Record Keeping. Take legal advice before writing about any claim that is under review.
What penalties can a dentist face?
Article 28 of Federal Law No. 5 of 2019 sets the range: a written notice or warning, a fine between AED 1,000 and AED 1,000,000, suspension for up to a year, or revocation. In Dubai, the Medical Practices Committee can also require training, supervised practice of up to a year and reassessment.
What does a restriction of clinical privileges mean in practice?
It limits the treatments you may provide, for example implants or sedation, until the authority lifts it. Article 7.2 of Cabinet Resolution No. 67 of 2020 lets the authority reassess competence or narrow privileges after a suspension of three to twelve months.
The clinic's sterilisation failed an inspection. Am I personally at risk?
Possibly. Inspection findings are usually made against the facility, but treating dentists and clinical directors can be asked what they knew and what they did. Showing a personal role in checking the process, and acting on concerns, is the strongest position.
Can I use a patient's photos on the clinic's Instagram?
Only with written consent for that purpose, and within the advertising rules. The DHA social media standards require written consent for patient images and rule out claims such as "the best" or "100%". If a post is part of a complaint, take it down and keep a record.
Will remediation courses reduce the outcome of my case?
No course can promise a result. What targeted learning, a specific reflection and verifiable changes in your practice can do is give you evidence that the reason for the complaint has been dealt with.
How many hours do the dental courses take?
The dental ethics course is three hours (estimated), the core course four and most topic courses two. All are self-paced online with 12 months' access, so you can study around clinic sessions.
Should I refund the patient before the complaint is decided?
Discuss it with your insurer or lawyer first. A refund can help resolve a complaint, but how it is offered and recorded matters, and it does not by itself close a case with the licensing authority.
Official sources
Checked October 2026. Rules and processes change, so confirm the current position with the official source. This page is general information, not legal advice.
- Federal Law No. 5 of 2019 Regulating the Practice of the Human Medicine Profession
- Cabinet Resolution No. 67 of 2020, Executive Regulations of Federal Law No. 5 of 2019
- Federal Decree-Law No. 4 of 2016 Concerning Medical Liability
- Cabinet Resolution No. 40 of 2019, Executive Regulations of the Medical Liability Decree-Law
- Cabinet Resolution No. 14 of 2020 Concerning the Supreme Committee of Medical Liability
- Federal Law No. 2 of 2019 on the Use of ICT in Health Fields
- Dubai Executive Council Resolution No. 49 of 2024 Regulating the Practice of Health Professions
- DHA Standards for Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct for Health Professionals, Version 1
- DHA Standards for Medical Advertisement Content on Social Media
- DHA Manual for Licensing Healthcare Professionals (May 2025)
- DOH Patient Consent Standard
- DOH news: AED 1 million fine, doctors referred for investigation and eight facilities closed (February 2024)
- DOH news: healthcare facilities disciplined over health insurance violations (December 2017)
- DOH Standard for the Recovery of Payment for Healthcare Services under the Health Insurance Scheme
- DOH service: Appeal request for medical error complaint
- MOHAP service: Complaints about private health facilities and their medical staff
- DHCC Healthcare Professionals Regulation No. 2 of 2013
- Sharjah Executive Council: resolution regulating health activities and professions
How these courses are built
Official sources only
Every legal and regulatory point comes from primary sources: UAE federal health laws, the licensing authorities' codes, standards and policies, and official government guidance. Anything we cannot confirm is left out.
Original, edition by edition
Lessons, scenarios and assessment questions are written by us for each edition separately, then checked for accuracy, teaching quality and fair assessment before publication.
Reviewed when rules change
When a code, standard or law changes, the affected courses are reviewed and updated. Reported errors in legal or regulatory facts are corrected first.