On this page
Key facts for pharmacists
- Profession law
- Federal Decree-Law No. 38 of 2024 Governing Medical Products, Pharmacists and Pharmaceutical Establishments
- Liability law
- Federal Decree-Law No. 4 of 2016, applied to pharmacists through Article 37
- Who licenses you
- MOHAP for establishments licensed by the Emirates Drug Establishment; otherwise the health authority that licenses your pharmacy
- Key duties
- Articles 73 to 81: honesty, confidentiality, no supply without a prescription, query errors, record controlled medicines
- Deadlines
- 30 days against a liability report; 30 days (DHA) or 60 days (DOH law) against a penalty; 15 days on licence decisions
- First step
- Report the incident, tell the pharmacist in charge and notify the liability insurer
Pharmacists this page is written for
This page is for pharmacists, pharmacists in charge, clinical and hospital pharmacists and assistant pharmacists in the UAE whose dispensing, counselling or conduct has been questioned. Typical starting points:
- a dispensing or labelling error reported by a patient, a prescriber or a ward;
- a controlled or semi-controlled medicine discrepancy, or a query from your authority's drug control team;
- a complaint about supply without a prescription, a substituted product, or counselling at the counter;
- an insurer query, a pricing complaint or an inspection finding at your pharmacy;
- a notice from the DHA, DOH, MOHAP or SHA that a Medical Liability Committee or disciplinary process has started.
Pharmacy cases are often about a process that failed rather than a single decision, so the courses and evidence below focus on showing that the process has changed. Pharmacists looking for routine learning will find the pharmacy ethics and professionalism page more useful.
The pharmacy law your case sits under
Pharmacy has its own federal law, Federal Decree-Law No. 38 of 2024 Governing Medical Products, Pharmacists and Pharmaceutical Establishments. The provisions that come up most often in complaints:
| Article | What it requires |
|---|---|
| 73 | Work to professional principles, accurately and honestly; keep patient information confidential; report communicable diseases |
| 75 | Prohibited acts, including selling expired or defective products and dispensing prescription-only medicines without a prescription; not criticising a health professional in front of others |
| 76 | No dispensing of prescription-only products without a valid prescription from a licensed practitioner, showing the required patient details |
| 78 | No change to a prescription without the prescriber's written opinion, except lawful substitution of a similar product |
| 80 | Contact the treating physician if you suspect or find a fundamental error in a prescription |
| 81 | Record dispensed controlled and semi-controlled prescriptions on the national Narcotic and Psychotropic Substances Tracking Platform |
| 42(3) | No prescribing or advising any medical product for personal gain |
| 72 | A grievance against refusal or non-renewal of a licence within 15 days, decided within 30 days |
The Medical Liability Decree-Law also reaches pharmacists through Article 37, which carries the physician's liabilities over to other health professionals wherever they can apply.
Six courses that fit most pharmacy cases
Ethics and Professional Conduct for Pharmacists is written around Federal Decree-Law No. 38 of 2024: the pharmacist in charge, valid prescriptions and substitution, controlled medicines, counselling, commercial pressure, insurance at the counter, dispensing errors, pharmacovigilance and recalls. The rest of the set:
- Responding to a Complaint or Licensing Inquiry: a factual statement for the pharmacy owner, the facility or the authority.
- Safe Prescribing and Controlled Medicines: narcotic, psychotropic and semi-controlled medicines, e-prescriptions, pharmacy checks and diversion warning signs.
- Preventing Recurrence After an Error or Incident: root cause analysis and stronger fixes than retraining alone, such as shelf separation or a second check.
- Insight: Understanding and Showing It After a Concern and Reflective Practice and Written Reflections: an account that names the failed check and what replaced it.
If the concern is broad or the process is new to you, add Facing a Licensing Investigation: The Core Remediation Course. If money, targets or insurance are involved, add the courses in the commercial section below.
Course by course: what each core course covers
The six courses add up to 14 CPD hours. This is what each brings to a pharmacy case.
Ethics and Professional Conduct for Pharmacists (3 hours). Eight sections organised around the dispensing process. For a complaint, lesson 3.2 on changing a prescription, substitution and prescribing errors pairs with the Article 78 and 80 duties; lesson 2.2 covers the pharmacist in charge and delegation to technicians; section 6 deals with targets, supplier relationships and insurance at the counter; and lesson 7.1 sets out how to handle a dispensing error and tell the patient. Section 8 places all of this inside the complaint, liability and disciplinary routes.
Responding to a Complaint or Licensing Inquiry (3 hours). The first-days course. Lesson 5.1 gives a checklist for the 72 hours after a complaint, lesson 6.2 shows how to build a chronology from the dispensing record and lesson 7.2 helps you strike a tone that is factual without being cold. Section 2 explains how MOHAP, the DHA, the DOH and the SHA receive complaints about pharmacies.
Safe Prescribing and Controlled Medicines (2 hours). Written for prescribers and pharmacists together. Section 4 is the pharmacist's section: duties under the narcotics and medical products laws, the legal and clinical check on a controlled prescription, storage and discrepancies. Section 6 on misuse, diversion and dependence helps you describe how you will spot a pattern next time, and lesson 5.3 covers travellers and prescriptions from abroad.
Preventing Recurrence After an Error or Incident (2 hours). The course that stops a pharmacy reflection ending at "I will concentrate harder". It sorts the failure by type, uses timelines, repeated "why" questions and barrier analysis to find the cause, and ranks fixes from strong to weak. Lesson 7.3 on learning from near misses gives you a way to show the new process working week by week.
Insight: Understanding and Showing It After a Concern (2 hours). How to show you understand what happened, why and with what effect, without accepting a legal label. Section 3 on thinking traps is useful where a pharmacist has dispensed the same pair of look-alike products many times without incident and finds it hard to see the risk.
Reflective Practice and Written Reflections (2 hours). The writing course. Lesson 3.3 turns learning needs into actions with an owner and a date, and section 6 covers how written reflection can be used in UAE processes, which matters if a controlled-medicine query could become more than a disciplinary matter.
Wrong medicine, wrong strength, wrong patient
Look-alike and sound-alike products, a wrong strength picked from an adjacent shelf, a label printed for the previous patient and a missed interaction are the familiar causes of dispensing complaints. A committee will want to know how the error passed every check, whether it was reported, and what you said to the patient. Under Article 80 you must contact the prescriber when you suspect a fundamental error in a prescription, so a complaint that you dispensed an obviously wrong dose without querying it is a statutory issue as well as a clinical one.
Candour matters here. Telling the patient promptly, recording the incident on the pharmacy or facility system, and recalling the wrong product where it may be in other hands are what committees expect. In hospital pharmacy the incident may also be part of a sentinel event review, so make sure your statement there and your later response match.
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Supply without a prescription, alterations and substitution
The counter brings pressure to help: a regular customer who has "always had" an antibiotic, a traveller who has run out of a prescription-only medicine, a caller asking for a repeat. Article 75 prohibits dispensing a prescription-only product without a prescription, and Article 76 requires the prescription to come from a licensed practitioner and to show the required patient details. Article 78 forbids changing a prescription without the prescriber's written opinion, except for the substitution of a similar product that the Executive Regulations allow.
Complaints in this area are often about kindness that crossed a line. Your remediation should show the conversation you now have instead, how you refer the patient, and how you record a refusal.
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Narcotic, psychotropic and semi-controlled medicines
Controlled-medicine cases are treated seriously because diversion harms people outside the pharmacy. Article 81 requires dispensed controlled and semi-controlled prescriptions to be recorded on the national Narcotic and Psychotropic Substances Tracking Platform. In Dubai, Schedule 4 items 46 and 47 of Resolution No. 49 of 2024 cover dispensing that does not conform to accepted standards and abuse of narcotic or controlled prescriptions. In Abu Dhabi, narcotic and psychotropic prescriptions have to be issued electronically under the DOH standard and lapse after three days, so a paper or out-of-date one should not be filled.
Typical concerns include dispensing an early repeat, missing a pattern of prescriptions from several prescribers, a register that does not reconcile, and supply to someone who is not the patient. A strong response shows the check you now run on every controlled prescription and the record that proves it was run.
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Counselling, confidentiality and the counter
Pharmacists counsel in public spaces, often in a second language for the patient. Complaints about counselling usually concern a warning not given, an instruction misunderstood, or a private matter discussed where others could hear. Article 73 makes confidentiality of patient information a personal duty, and Federal Law No. 2 of 2019 limits the use of health information to health purposes without the patient's written approval.
The Patient's Rights and Responsibilities Charter gives every patient the right to dignity and to full information, and Article 3 of the Medical Liability Decree-Law requires care without discrimination. A reflection on a counselling complaint should show how you now check understanding, when you move to a consultation area, and how you handle questions from relatives or employers about a patient's medicines.
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Targets, incentives, insurance and promotion
Community pharmacy in the UAE is commercial, and complaints can follow a sales target or a supplier bonus. Article 42(3) prohibits any healthcare professional from prescribing or advising a medical product for personal gain, free samples may go only to licensed prescribers and may not be sold, and Article 86 makes the owner of a general pharmacy and the pharmacist in charge responsible for breaches of its rules. The DHA Code prohibits gifts or benefits that may influence professional judgement, and Standard 12 covers duplicate claims, upcoding and altering records to influence insurance coverage. The DOH Policy on Integrity and Benefit Disclosure asks professionals to guard against even the appearance of a conflict.
Insurance cases at the counter include dispensing a different product from the one claimed, splitting a supply to fit approval limits, and claiming for items the patient did not take. Take legal advice before you write about a claim under review.
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The pharmacist in charge and the pharmacy team
Core course 1Ethics
Ethics and Professional Conduct for Pharmacists
Statutory duties under FDL 38/2024, the pharmacist in charge, prescriptions and substitution, controlled medicines, confidentiality, promotion, insurance and dispensing errors.
Core course 2Professionalism
Professionalism in Practice for UAE Health Professionals
Licensing integrity, CPD and good standing, respect at the point of care, civility, candour, digital conduct and conflicts of interest for every UAE profession.
Which one do I need?
| Compare | Ethics and Professional Conduct for Pharmacists | Professionalism in Practice for UAE Health Professionals |
|---|---|---|
| Focus | Values, reasoning and ethical dilemmas | Conduct, standards, scope, records and accountability |
| The question it answers | What is the right thing to do here, and why? | What do my standards require, and how do I show it? |
| Choose it when | A decision, a dilemma or your judgement is in question | Behaviour, systems, scope of practice or records are in question |
Not sure? Many concerns and most CPD plans need both: take them together for a complete picture.
When a technician or assistant makes the error, the pharmacist in charge is usually asked how the pharmacy was supervised. Delegation is permitted, but only to someone authorised for the task, and the DHA Code expects duties to be delegated responsibly with appropriate supervision.
A supervision concern calls for remediation at two levels: your own learning, and a change to the pharmacy's system that others can see, such as a written list of who may do what, a second check for high-risk medicines, or a revised handover between shifts.
Core setComplete the set with these
Match the concern to a course
The concerns that most often lead to complaints and investigations, how they are viewed, and the courses that address each one.
Wrong strength or wrong product dispensed
Committees look at each check that failed, whether it was reported and what the patient was told.
Obvious prescribing error not queried
Article 80 requires you to contact the treating physician when you suspect a fundamental error.
Prescription-only medicine supplied without a prescription
Prohibited by Articles 75 and 76 of Federal Decree-Law No. 38 of 2024.
Dose changed without asking the prescriber
Article 78 requires the prescriber's written opinion, except lawful substitution of a similar product.
Controlled prescription not recorded on the platform
Article 81 requires recording on the national Narcotic and Psychotropic Substances Tracking Platform.
Expired or paper controlled prescription filled in Abu Dhabi
The DOH standard requires electronic prescribing of narcotics and psychotropics and limits validity to three days.
Product pushed for a sales bonus
Article 42(3) bars advising any medical product for personal gain.
Insurance claim for a different item
DHA Code Standard 12 prohibits claims that misstate what was supplied.
Private medicine details discussed at the counter
Confidentiality is a duty under Article 73 and Federal Law No. 2 of 2019 limits use of health information.
Technician error under your supervision
Delegation must be to someone authorised for the task, with supervision the pharmacist in charge can show.
Which authority, and which penalty rules
Who licenses you depends on where you work. Article 71 of Federal Decree-Law No. 38 of 2024 splits the work: pharmacists in establishments that hold an Emirates Drug Establishment licence are licensed by MOHAP, and pharmacists elsewhere by the health authority that licensed their pharmacy or facility.
| Authority | What applies to a pharmacist |
|---|---|
| DHA | Resolution No. 49 of 2024 applies to every DHA-licensed health professional, pharmacists included; Medical Practices Committee; grievance to the Director General within 30 days |
| DOH | Abu Dhabi Law No. 10 of 2018 administrative penalties, with a 60-day grievance; the DOH narcotics standard |
| MOHAP | Complaints about MOHAP-licensed private pharmaceutical facilities in the Northern Emirates; Medical Liability Committee for alleged errors |
| SHA | Resolution No. 29 of 2025 committees for Sharjah facilities; Ministerial Decision No. 888 of 2016, on prescribing and dispensing controlled medicines, is among the instruments the SHA applies |
One point is unsettled: the Medical Liability Executive Regulations still name an older pharmacy law for pharmacists' discipline, and we have not confirmed which disciplinary provisions now apply outside Dubai. Ask the authority, or your lawyer, to identify the exact article in any decision you receive. The complaints and investigations guide explains the process in more depth.
Deadlines that apply to pharmacists
- Medical Liability Committee report: 30 days from notification to lodge a grievance for the Supreme Committee of Medical Liability, after which an unchallenged report is final.
- DOH medical-error report: appeal through the DOH service within 30 days of receiving it, fee AED 5,000.
- DHA decision or measure: 30 days to write to the Director General; the Medical Grievances Committee then has 30 days to decide, and its decision is final.
- DOH administrative penalty: 60 days under Abu Dhabi Law No. 10 of 2018.
- Licence refusal or non-renewal: 15 days under Article 72 of Federal Decree-Law No. 38 of 2024.
- Precautionary suspension: up to 30 days at a time, renewable, under federal law; up to three months, extendable once, in Dubai.
Count from the date you were notified. If the letter does not say which rule it relies on, work to the shortest deadline that could apply, and see the DHA, DOH, MOHAP or SHA page for your authority.
A pharmacist's reflection that shows the process changed
Pharmacy reflections are strongest when they describe a system, not just a resolution to concentrate harder. Use six short paragraphs:
- What was dispensed and what should have been, from the record.
- Where each check happened and why it did not catch the error.
- The rule in question, for example the Article 80 duty to query a fundamental error.
- The effect on the patient, including anything they had to do because of the error.
- What the course changed in your understanding.
- The new process, who checks it and how often.
For example, a community pharmacist in Dubai who supplied a higher strength of a blood pressure medicine might write that the two strengths are now stored on separate shelves with alert labels, that she scans every item against the prescription before labelling, and that the pharmacist in charge reviews near-miss reports with the team each month. Ask your insurer or lawyer to read it before it goes to an authority.
What a strong reflective statement looks like for pharmacists
A pharmacist's statement is strongest when it is organised around the checks a prescription passes through, because that is how a committee or a chief pharmacist will think about the incident. For each check, say what should have happened, what did happen and what now happens instead.
| Check | Questions your statement should answer |
|---|---|
| Prescription screen | Was the order valid and clinically appropriate, and was anything queried with the prescriber? |
| Selection | How was the product picked, and what could have prompted a wrong pick? |
| Labelling | Who produced the label, and was it compared with the prescription and the pack? |
| Final check | Who carried it out, with what aid, and why did it not catch the problem? |
| Hand-out and counselling | Was the medicine shown to the patient, and was anything said that might have prompted a question? |
An illustrative excerpt
Written for illustration; no real patient, pharmacist or hospital is described. A hospital pharmacist in Abu Dhabi who released a different insulin from the one prescribed, with a similar name and pen, might write:
"I screened the order correctly, but at the final check I compared the label with the prescription and not the pen with the label. The two products sit in adjacent fridge trays and their names differ by a few letters. The ward nurse noticed the difference before the dose was given, so the patient was not harmed, but it was a near miss that could have caused a serious hypoglycaemia. I now scan every insulin pen at the final check, and I have asked for the two products to be stored on separate shelves with name labels that emphasise the letters that differ. I report every insulin near miss I see, and the pharmacy's monthly review now lists them separately."
Mistakes in pharmacists' statements
- Describing the workload at length and the check that failed in a single line.
- Pasting the standard operating procedure into the statement instead of describing what you do now.
- Saying the prescriber "should have written it clearly" when the Article 80 duty to query sits with you.
- Offering only personal vigilance where the pharmacy's system could be changed.
- Leaving out what the patient was told, and when. Candour is part of what is being assessed.
Presenting evidence a pharmacy owner or authority can check
- A near-miss and error log for the period since the incident, showing the new checks working.
- A controlled-medicine reconciliation signed by a second pharmacist.
- A revised standard operating procedure for the step that failed, with the date it took effect.
- A short audit of prescriptions you queried with prescribers, showing Article 80 in practice.
- Feedback from the pharmacist in charge, the pharmacy manager or the hospital's chief pharmacist.
- Certificates and reflective accounts for each course, with title, CPD hours and date.
If an authority has ordered training or supervision, its decision sets the terms and the provider. Your licensing authority decides how any learning counts towards your CPD or a requirement it has set.
A 4-week remediation plan for pharmacists
The six core courses total 14 CPD hours, about three and a half hours a week over a month, which fits around rota shifts in most community and hospital pharmacies. If the authority has set a deadline for training, or a Medical Liability Committee report arrives during the month, those dates take priority.
| Week | Study | Write | Collect | Talk to |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Responding to a Complaint or Licensing Inquiry | A factual note of what was dispensed, when and by whom, checked line by line against the dispensing record | The prescription or its image, a copy of the label, the dispensing log entry and, for a controlled item, the entry on the national tracking platform | The pharmacist in charge, the pharmacy owner or chief pharmacist, and the liability insurer |
| 2 | Ethics and Professional Conduct for Pharmacists; Safe Prescribing and Controlled Medicines | A paragraph naming the article in question, such as 76, 78, 80 or 81 of Federal Decree-Law No. 38 of 2024, in your own words | A log of prescriber queries you made in the past month; start one now if you do not keep it | The prescribers you deal with most often, so they know you will call about unclear orders |
| 3 | Preventing Recurrence After an Error or Incident | A barrier analysis: which check should have stopped the error, and why it did not | Proof of a change outside your own habits, such as barcode scanning at the final check or redesigned shelf labels for the products involved | Whoever controls the pharmacy's layout, systems or budget |
| 4 | Insight: Understanding and Showing It After a Concern; Reflective Practice and Written Reflections | The final statement and a reflective account for each course | A short written note from the pharmacist in charge confirming the new step is in daily use | Your insurer or lawyer, before the statement goes to the authority |
Costs for a pharmacist's set
A two-hour course costs AED 239, a three-hour course AED 289 and the four-hour core course AED 329. The cart takes AED 120 off three or more courses, AED 180 off five or more and AED 300 off ten or more.
| Need | Courses | List price | You pay |
|---|---|---|---|
| A single dispensing error | Pharmacist ethics, Safe Prescribing and Controlled Medicines, Reflective Practice | AED 767 | AED 647 |
| A commercial or insurance concern | Pharmacist ethics, Insurance Billing, Probity, Confidentiality | AED 1,006 | AED 886 |
| A formal investigation | The six core courses | AED 1,534 | AED 1,354 |
All courses are online and self-paced with 12 months' access. Each includes UAE case studies, knowledge checks and reflection prompts, a 20-question scenario-based final assessment (30 questions in the 4-hour core investigation course) (80% to pass), a certificate of completion and a structured reflective account.
CPD, renewal and good standing for pharmacists
Pharmacists need 20 CPD points a year of licence with the DHA and 40 credits per two-year licence with the DOH; MOHAP lists 20 hours for a pharmacist in charge or second pharmacist and 10 for an assistant pharmacist. A late DOH renewal carries a monthly penalty, and a suspended DOH licence cannot be renewed. A MOHAP good standing certificate for a pharmacist costs AED 300 and is not issued to anyone sentenced for a medical offence.
Remediation learning and renewal CPD are different things. Your licensing authority decides how any learning counts towards your CPD or a requirement it has set; each certificate states the CPD hours and date.
Start with the pharmacist ethics course
Begin with Ethics and Professional Conduct for Pharmacists, add Safe Prescribing and Controlled Medicines for any dispensing or controlled-medicine concern, then choose the rest from the sections above.
Questions
Which law covers pharmacists in the UAE?
Federal Decree-Law No. 38 of 2024 Governing Medical Products, Pharmacists and Pharmaceutical Establishments, which sets pharmacists' duties, prohibitions and prescription rules. The Medical Liability Decree-Law also applies through Article 37, and in Dubai Resolution No. 49 of 2024 applies to every DHA-licensed professional.
Can a pharmacist be referred to a Medical Liability Committee?
Yes. Article 37 of Federal Decree-Law No. 4 of 2016 applies the physician's liabilities to other health professionals wherever they fit, so an alleged dispensing error that harmed a patient can be reviewed by a committee.
What penalties can a pharmacist face?
It depends on the authority. In Dubai, the Medical Practices Committee can issue a written warning, downgrade, suspend for up to one year, revoke or fine, and can require training, supervised practice and reassessment. Outside Dubai, ask the authority to identify the provision it is applying, because the federal liability regulations still refer to an older pharmacy law.
Which courses fit a dispensing error complaint?
Ethics and Professional Conduct for Pharmacists, Preventing Recurrence After an Error or Incident and Reflective Practice, with Open Disclosure if the patient was not told promptly. Add Safe Prescribing and Controlled Medicines if a controlled product was involved.
Can I change a dose I think is wrong?
Not on your own. Article 78 requires the prescriber's written opinion before a prescription is changed, except lawful substitution of a similar product, and Article 80 requires you to contact the treating physician when you suspect a fundamental error.
A regular patient asked for an antibiotic without a prescription. What does the law say?
Article 75 prohibits dispensing a prescription-only product without a prescription. Explain the reason, advise the patient where to be seen, and record the refusal. Good intentions are not a defence if a complaint follows.
What must I record for controlled medicines?
Dispensed controlled and semi-controlled prescriptions must be recorded on the national Narcotic and Psychotropic Substances Tracking Platform under Article 81. Your authority's standards add their own requirements, such as the DOH rule that narcotic and psychotropic prescriptions are electronic and valid for three days.
Am I responsible for errors made by technicians?
As pharmacist in charge you can be asked how the pharmacy was supervised. Delegation is allowed only to someone authorised for the task. Showing a written allocation of tasks and a second check for high-risk items is the strongest evidence.
Is there a deadline to challenge a decision about my licence?
Article 72 of Federal Decree-Law No. 38 of 2024 allows a grievance within 15 days against refusal or non-renewal of a licence, decided within 30 days. Grievances against a Medical Liability Committee report or a disciplinary decision follow their own deadlines of 30 days or more, depending on the authority.
Will these courses count towards my CPD?
Your licensing authority decides how any learning counts towards your CPD or a requirement it has set. Each certificate records the estimated learning time and completion date for your portfolio.
Should I contact the patient after a dispensing error?
Yes, through your pharmacy's or facility's process, promptly and honestly, so the patient can stop taking the wrong product. Keep a record of the conversation. If a complaint has already been made, ask your insurer or manager how to handle further contact.
Official sources
Checked October 2026. Rules and processes change, so confirm the current position with the official source. This page is general information, not legal advice.
- Federal Decree-Law No. 38 of 2024 Governing Medical Products, Pharmacists and Pharmaceutical Establishments
- Federal Decree-Law No. 4 of 2016 Concerning Medical Liability
- Cabinet Resolution No. 40 of 2019, Executive Regulations of the Medical Liability Decree-Law
- Cabinet Resolution No. 14 of 2020 Concerning the Supreme Committee of Medical Liability
- Federal Decree-Law No. 30 of 2021 on Combating Narcotics and Psychotropic Substances
- Federal Law No. 2 of 2019 on the Use of ICT in Health Fields
- Dubai Executive Council Resolution No. 49 of 2024 Regulating the Practice of Health Professions
- DHA Standards for Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct for Health Professionals, Version 1
- DHA Health Regulation Sector: Drug Control
- DOH Standard for Management of Narcotics, Psychotropic and Semi-Controlled Medicinal Products
- DOH Policy on Integrity and Benefit Disclosure
- DOH service: Appeal request for medical error complaint
- DOH Licensing Procedural Manual
- MOHAP service: Complaints about private health facilities and their medical staff
- MOHAP service: Issue a Good Standing Certificate for a Health Professional
- Ministerial Resolution No. 14 of 2021, Patient's Rights and Responsibilities Charter
- Sharjah Health Authority: laws and legislation
How these courses are built
Official sources only
Every legal and regulatory point comes from primary sources: UAE federal health laws, the licensing authorities' codes, standards and policies, and official government guidance. Anything we cannot confirm is left out.
Original, edition by edition
Lessons, scenarios and assessment questions are written by us for each edition separately, then checked for accuracy, teaching quality and fair assessment before publication.
Reviewed when rules change
When a code, standard or law changes, the affected courses are reviewed and updated. Reported errors in legal or regulatory facts are corrected first.