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The two core courses for physiotherapists
Physiotherapy is hands-on, often funded by ACC, increasingly delivered in private clinics with a commercial side, and spread across settings from hospital wards to sports fields and people's homes. That mix produces two kinds of question, and our two core courses answer one kind each.
Ethics for physiotherapists: deciding well
The ethics course deals with values and judgement. Should you keep treating a kiritaki who is not improving but wants to continue? How do you respond when a sports team wants a player back on the field sooner than you think is safe? What do you owe a kiritaki who cannot afford the treatment plan you recommend? When does respecting someone's choice become going along with something you think will harm them? You learn a reasoning model that weighs respect, wellbeing, fairness and honesty, and you practise it on cases from New Zealand physiotherapy.
Professional standards for physiotherapists: practising to standard
The professionalism course covers conduct you can be measured against: informed consent under the Board's standard, touch and sensitive examinations, accurate notes and ACC documentation, scope of practice (including extended skills such as acupuncture or dry needling where you are trained), supervision of assistants and students, advertising, online conduct, and what accountability looks like when something goes wrong.
The ten principles and how the courses map to them
The Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct is shared by the Physiotherapy Board and Physiotherapy New Zealand. The Board consulted on a revised version during 2025, and its summary page lists the revised Code as effective from 1 April 2026. The revision uses kiritaki for the person receiving care and strengthens expectations on respectful behaviour between colleagues, including bullying and harassment.
| Principle (summary) | What it means day to day | Our course |
|---|---|---|
| 1. Respect kiritaki and their whānau and families | Dignity, cultural respect, involving whānau the way the kiritaki wants | Ethics core; cultural safety |
| 2. Promote the health and wellbeing of kiritaki | Treatment that is needed and evidence-informed; no over-servicing | Ethics core; financial integrity |
| 3. Protect confidentiality, privacy and security of information | Notes, photos, video analysis, sharing with ACC, employers and coaches | Privacy and confidentiality |
| 4. Treat people fairly | Equitable access, no discrimination | Cultural safety and health equity |
| 5. Practise safely, competently and accountably | Scope, consent, risk, records | Professional standards core; scope of practice |
| 6. Act with integrity | Honest claims, billing and advertising | Probity; financial integrity |
| 7. Strive for continual improvement | CPD, peer review, audit | Reflection; quality improvement |
| 8. Communicate and collaborate effectively | Referrals, teamwork, respectful workplaces | Communication; teamwork |
| 9. Maintain your own health and wellbeing | Fatigue, stress, fitness to practise | Professional standards core |
| 10. Uphold the integrity of the profession | Public trust, raising concerns | Raising concerns; professionalism |
The principle wording above is shortened; read the full Code and its commentary on the Physiotherapy Board website. The Code sits within the Board's Standards Framework, and the Informed consent standard is one of the standards most often relevant when a kiritaki complains about how treatment was explained.
How the courses fit the Board's recertification programme
The Physiotherapy Board's programme has yearly parts and a rolling hours total:
- A professional development plan on the Board's Recertification Record template.
- Peer review, recorded on the template.
- Three reflections a year: one exploring Māori culture in relation to your practice, and two more from the cultural, ethical and professional groups.
- 100 CPD hours over three practising years (specialists put half into their specialty area).
Each course gives you logged hours toward the 100, a certificate for your evidence file and a reflective account that can become an ethical or professional reflection. If your plan includes a goal on the revised Code, the two core courses are a direct match. Around 5% of practitioners are audited each year, and an organised record makes that straightforward.
Our allied health recertification guide explains the audit in more detail.
Supporting courses: consent, communication and culture
Many physiotherapy complaints are about explanation rather than technique: a kiritaki did not understand why an area was examined, what a treatment involved, what it would cost or how many sessions to expect. Rights 5 to 7 of the HDC Code of Rights and the Board's Informed consent standard set the bar.
Supporting courses: touch, boundaries and sensitive examinations
Physiotherapists touch kiritaki every day, which is why clear consent, draping, offering a support person or chaperone, and explaining before touching matter so much, particularly in pelvic health, hip, chest and spinal assessment. Boundaries with kiritaki who become friends, social media contact and gifts are covered too.
Supporting courses: records, ACC and privacy
Physiotherapy notes are read by ACC, insurers, employers and sometimes lawyers. Accurate, timely records that match what was claimed are both a safety issue and a probity issue.
Supporting courses: safe practice and scope
Courses for physiotherapists working with deteriorating patients in hospital, delegating to assistants, or adding new techniques to their practice.
Supporting courses: complaints and remediation
If a kiritaki complains to your clinic, the HDC or the Board, see our remediation courses for physiotherapists page for the process and the courses matched to each concern.
One clinic scenario, two kinds of learning
A kiritaki with an ACC-funded shoulder injury has used most of the approved sessions. They ask you to record a few extra visits as treatment for the same injury, although the sessions would really be for their sore back. They are a long-standing kiritaki and a friend of your clinic owner.
The ethics course asks you to weigh loyalty, kindness, fairness to the funding system and honesty, and to plan how to say no while still helping: discussing other funding, a new claim if appropriate, or private fees.
The professional standards course looks at the conduct: what the Code says about integrity, what your notes must show, why a false entry is a serious matter whoever asks for it, what to do if your employer pressures you, and how to record the conversation.
Ethical issues by practice setting
| Setting | Typical ethical or professional questions |
|---|---|
| Private musculoskeletal clinic | Number of sessions, ACC claim accuracy, product sales, honest advertising |
| Sports and high performance | Return-to-play pressure, confidentiality with coaches and employers, informal relationships with athletes |
| Hospital and acute care | Deteriorating patients, discharge pressure, delegation to assistants, teamwork |
| Pelvic health | Intimate examination consent, chaperones, cultural and personal preferences |
| Community and home visits | Working alone, boundaries in people's homes, safeguarding older adults |
| Aged care and rehabilitation | Capacity and consent, whānau involvement, equitable access |
The core courses include cases from each setting, so you can focus your reflection on where you actually work.
Who these courses suit
- Physiotherapists in private practice, sports, hospital, community, aged care and rehabilitation settings.
- New graduates and internationally qualified physiotherapists learning how the Code, the HPCA Act, HDC and ACC fit together.
- Clinic owners and team leaders who want a common standard for their staff.
- Physiotherapists returning to practice after a break.
- Practitioners responding to a concern who want evidence of learning on ethics or conduct.
Bringing a course into peer review
Peer review is already part of the Board's programme, so use it. After finishing a core course, take one case to your peer reviewer and talk through how you would each handle it in your own setting. Useful questions include:
- Do my consent conversations meet the Informed consent standard, and do my notes show it?
- When did I last end a course of treatment because it was no longer helping?
- How do I respond when a funder, employer or coach asks for information about a kiritaki?
- What does culturally safe practice look like with the kiritaki and whānau I see most?
Record the discussion on your Recertification Record template. Together with the course certificate and reflection, it shows the Board learning that is active rather than passive.
How online study works
- Enrol and get instant access on any device.
- Work through the course (2 or more hours (estimated) each, shown on the card) with short knowledge checks.
- Sit the 20-question final assessment; 80% (16 of 20) passes, and retakes are allowed.
- Download your Fitness To Practice certificate.
- Complete the reflective account and add it to your Recertification Record.
Build your ethics and professionalism reflection now
Start with both core courses, then add one supporting course linked to the goal in your professional development plan.
Questions
What does kiritaki mean in the physiotherapy Code of Ethics?
Kiritaki is the te reo Māori word the revised Code uses for the person receiving physiotherapy care, in place of patient or client. It signals a relationship of service and partnership. Our courses use the term where they discuss the Code, and explain how it sits with Te Tiriti o Waitangi and culturally safe practice.
When did the revised physiotherapy Code of Ethics take effect?
The Physiotherapy Board's summary of the revised Aotearoa New Zealand Physiotherapy Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct shows it as effective from 1 April 2026. The Code is shared with Physiotherapy New Zealand. Check the Board's website for the current version and commentary, since the Board may publish further guidance.
Can these courses count as one of my three reflections?
They can help you write one. The Board asks for three reflections a year, one exploring Māori culture and two from the cultural, ethical and professional groups. Each core course ends with a structured reflective account on an ethical or professional issue that you can adapt for your Recertification Record.
How many CPD hours do physiotherapists need in New Zealand?
The Board requires 100 hours of CPD over three practising years, with specialists and advanced practice physiotherapists putting half into their specialty. Each of our courses states its estimated learning time so you can log the time accurately.
Does the professionalism course cover ACC documentation?
Yes, at the level of professional conduct: why notes must match the treatment given and what was claimed, how to handle pressure to record things inaccurately, and how ACC information requests fit with privacy rules. It is not ACC training, so use ACC's own guidance for its forms and processes.
What does the course say about pelvic health and sensitive examinations?
It covers explaining the reason for an examination before you start, getting specific consent, offering a support person or chaperone, draping, checking in during the procedure, stopping when asked, and recording the consent conversation. Our separate Chaperones and Intimate Examinations course goes further.
I work in sport. Is there content on pressure from coaches and teams?
Yes. The ethics course includes cases on return-to-play decisions, confidentiality when a team or employer pays, and keeping the player as your kiritaki when others want information or a faster result.
Does the course cover dry needling or acupuncture scope?
The professionalism course explains working within your scope of practice and training, and what the Board expects when you add a technique to your practice. It does not train you in a technique. Our Working Within Your Scope of Practice course covers the topic in more depth.
What does the Code say about bullying between physiotherapists?
The revision strengthens expectations about respectful behaviour with colleagues, and principle 8 covers communicating and collaborating effectively. Our professionalism and Teamwork courses discuss what respectful workplace conduct looks like and how to raise concerns when it is missing.
Will taking these courses help if I am audited?
They make an audit easier because each gives you a certificate, logged hours and a written reflection linked to the Code. An audit checks your whole record: plan, peer review, reflections and hours. A course on its own does not satisfy the programme.
Should I do both core courses or just one?
Doing both gives you a reflection on ethical reasoning and another on professional conduct, which suits the Board's reflection groups. If you have time for only one, choose the professionalism course if your goal is applying the revised Code, and the ethics course if you want help with difficult decisions.
Can a clinic buy the courses for its physiotherapy team?
Each practitioner needs their own enrolment so the certificate and assessment are in their name. A clinic can arrange for staff to enrol and then use the shared case studies in team meetings or peer review.
Are the courses suitable for physiotherapy assistants?
Assistants are not registered under the HPCA Act, so the Board's recertification rules do not apply to them. The content on consent, boundaries and records may still help, but the courses are written for registered physiotherapists.
Do the courses cover working alone on home visits?
Yes. The professionalism course includes home and community visits, covering boundaries in someone's home, consent when whānau are present, personal safety, safeguarding older adults and keeping records when you are away from the clinic. The Safeguarding course adds more on recognising and responding to abuse or neglect.
Official sources
Checked October 2026. Rules and processes change, so confirm the current position with the official source. This page is general information, not legal advice.
- Physiotherapy Board: Summary of the principles of the Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct
- Physiotherapy Board: Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct review
- Physiotherapy Board: Recertification programme and audit
- Ministry of Health: Responsible authorities
- HDC: Code of Health and Disability Services Consumers' Rights
- Health Practitioners Competence Assurance Act 2003
How these courses are built
Official sources only
Every legal and regulatory point comes from primary sources: the HPCA Act 2003, the responsible authorities' standards and the Code of Health and Disability Services Consumers' Rights. Anything we cannot confirm is left out.
Original, edition by edition
Lessons, scenarios and assessment questions are written by us for each edition separately, then checked for accuracy, teaching quality and fair assessment before publication.
Reviewed when rules change
When a code, standard or law changes, the affected courses are reviewed and updated. Reported errors in legal or regulatory facts are corrected first.